Sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt, is one of the most abundant and essential minerals on Earth. It naturally occurs in seawater and rock salt deposits, and its extraction supports one of the largest global industries. Chemically, it is a neutral salt formed from the reaction of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. Beyond its use as a seasoning in food, sodium chloride plays a vital role in preservation, helping to inhibit bacterial growth in meats, fish, and pickled foods. In medicine, it is used in saline solutions for intravenous therapy, wound cleaning, and hydration. Industrially, sodium chloride is crucial for the chlor-alkali process, where it serves as a raw material for the production of sodium hydroxide, chlorine, and hydrogen gas. It is also applied as road salt for melting ice and as an additive in animal feed. Sodium chloride is stable, non-toxic, and easy to store, though excessive consumption can lead to health problems such as hypertension. Its versatility across food, medicine, and industry makes it one of the most widely used and recognized compounds globally.