Pistons are vital components of an internal combustion engine, responsible for converting the energy generated during fuel combustion into mechanical motion. Positioned inside the engine cylinder, the piston moves up and down in a reciprocating motion. This movement is transferred to the crankshaft through a connecting rod, enabling the rotation of the engine. Typically made of lightweight aluminum alloys, pistons are engineered to withstand extreme temperatures, friction, and pressure. They are fitted with piston rings, which seal the combustion chamber, control oil consumption, and reduce friction. High-performance pistons may include oil cooling channels and protective coatings to improve durability. Depending on engine design, pistons can be flat-top, dome-top, or dished, each designed to optimize combustion efficiency and power output. Pistons must tolerate continuous thermal stress of up to 400°C and pressures exceeding 30 bar. Over time, they may suffer from wear, carbon buildup, or cracks, requiring replacement. Reliable pistons ensure smooth engine performance, fuel efficiency, and long service life.