Category : Pharmaceutical drug intermediates
Chemistry : Derived from β-lactam antibiotics, containing the β-lactam ring structure
Application : Used as a precursor in the synthesis of various semi-synthetic antibiotics
Bonding : Works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis via binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs)
Advantages : Effective against a wide range of bacterial infections, life-saving in severe cases
Disadvantages : Can cause allergic reactions, resistance development is common
Cost : Moderate to high depending on purity and synthesis complexity
Usage : Utilized in hospitals, clinics, and pharmaceutical manufacturing for antibiotic production
Fastness : Fast-acting against susceptible bacteria
Process : Produced through fermentation (Penicillium chrysogenum) and followed by chemical modification
Solubility : Varies with form—penicillin G is less soluble, penicillin V more stable orally
Energy Use : Requires controlled fermentation and downstream processing
Market Demand : High due to the ongoing need for antibiotics globally
Popularity : One of the most widely used and historically significant antibiotics
Environmental Impact : Waste from fermentation and antibiotic residues require proper treatment
Innovation : Development of semi-synthetic derivatives (ampicillin, amoxicillin) to overcome resistance
Quality : Must meet pharmacopeial standards for purity and potency
Versatility : Used in multiple therapeutic areas—from respiratory to skin infections
Limitations : Resistance and allergic reactions limit universal use
Safety : Generally safe but contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity